A.D.
Ruler *

1273 BCE
Israel
Conquest of Canaan ** under Joshua,
423 BCE
Iranian
Babylon invades and destroys First Temple [Persian empire was based in modern day Iran]
371 BCE
Israel Iranian
King Cyrus issued decree to restore Jewish Nation
312 BCE
Israel Greek
Battle of Gaza; Seleucus controls Syria and Babylonia [Seleucid empire was based in Macedonia, northern Greece]
285-246 BCE
Israel Egyptian
Rule of Ptolemy II
199 BCE
Israel Greek
Seleucid monarchy occupies Judea **
175 BCE
Israel Greek-Syrian
Antiochus Epiphanes came to throne in Syria
168 BCE
Israel Greek-Syrian
Pagan idol set up in Temple
165 BCE
Israel Greek-Syrian
Macabean Revolt, beginning of Hasmonean dynasty
142 BCE
Israel
Shimon rules and gains Judean indepence
135-104 BCE
Israel
Rule of Yochanan Hyrkanus
104-103 BCE
Israel
Rule of Yehudah Aristobulus
103-76 BCE
Israel
Rule of Alexander Yannai
76-66 BCE
Israel
Rule of Salome Alexandra
63 BCE
Israel Roman
Civil War: Hyrkanus vs. Aristobulus. Pompey intervenes, Conquest of Jerusalem by Pompey, Judea becomes Roman Vassal.
47 BCE
Israel Roman
Caesar appoints Antipater ruler of Judea
70
Roman
The Romans conquer Jerusalem
132-136
Roman
Jewish revolt under Bar Kochba; final defeat of Judah and loss of political sovereignty, rename area to "Palestine" **
351
Roman
Jewish revolt to end foreign rule; Roman Empire adopts Christianity.
395
Turkish
Palestine part of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire, still called Judea or Judah.
438
Turkish
Empress Eudocia allows Jews back to Temple site, misinterpreted by Jews as return to nationhood.
614
Iran
Persian conquest under Chosroes (with the support of a Jewish army).
628
Turkish
"Palestine" reconquered by the Byzantines
633-637
Syrian
Arab conquest; shortly afterward, attempt by Jews to restore their nation.
639
Syrian
Muawiyah Arab governor.
660
Syrian
Muawiyah is made the first Omayyad Caliph of Damascus.
661
Syrian
Murder of Ali; Omayyad Dynasty begins.
750
Iraq
Last Omayyad Caliph defeated; reign of the Abbassid Caliphs of Baghdad (Persian, Turk, Circassian, Kurd).
878
Egyptian
Ahmad, b. Tulun, a Turkish general and governor of Egypt, conquers Palestine; reign of the Tulunides (Turks).
904
Iraq
The Abbassids of Baghdad reconquer Palestine.
906
Carmathians
Inroads of the Carmathians.
934
Egyptian
The Egyptian lkhshidi princes conquer Palestine; their reign begins.
969
Egyptian
The Fatimid Caliphs of Cairo conquer Palestine.
969-971
Carmathians
War with the Carmathians.
970-976
Turkish
Byzantine invasion.
1070-1080
Turkish
Seljuq Turks conquer Palestine.
1099
Crusaders
The Crusaders conquer Jerusalem, massacre the Jewish and Muslim populations; reign in parts of Palestine until 1291.
1187
Crusaders
Saladin of Damascus, a Kurd, captures Jerusalem and the greater part of Palestine.
1244
Mongolian
The Kharezmians, instigated by Genghis Khan, invade Palestine; Jerusalem's population is slaughtered, the city sacked.
1260
Egyptian
Mameluk Sultans of Egypt defeat Mongols at Ain Jalut, in Palestine; their reign begins.
1260
Egyptian
Mongol invasion; Jerusalem sacked.
1291
Egyptian
End of the Latin (Crusaders) Kingdom.
1299-1303
Mongolian
Mongol invasion.
1516-1517
Turkish
The Ottomans conquer Palestine.
1799
French
Napoleon conquers Palestine, but is defeated at Acre.
1831
Egyptian
Ibrahim Pasha, adopted son of Egypt's Viceroy, occupies Palestine.
1840
Turkish
Ibrahim Pasha compelled by the Powers to leave Palestine; Turkish rule restored.
1840
Turkish
English writers and statesmen begin to discuss the possibility of a Jewish restoration.
1871-1882
Turkish
First Jewish agricultural settlements.
1909
Turkish
Foundation of the all-Jewish city of Tel Aviv.
1917-1918
British
Allies occupy the whole of Palestine, east and west of the Jordan River; British military administration, end of Ottoman reign.
1917-1918
British
Balfour Declaration granting "Jewish Homeland" internationally approved.
1920
British
British (pre-Mandate) civil administration; Turkish sovereignty renounced, treaty includes Balfour Declaration
1922
British
Palestine Mandate; Jewish National Home confirmed.
1923
British
Palestine Mandate comes into operation.
1923
British
Seventy-five percent of Palestine is set aside as an independent Arab "Palestinian" state, Transiordan.
1925
British
Hebrew University of Jerusalem opened.
1927
British
High Commissioners receive Commission for Transjordan.
1929
British
Arab revolt.
1936-1939
British
Arab revolt and civil war.
1946
British
Establishment of Arab state of Transiordan.
1948
Israel
End of Mandate for Palestine; establishment of State of Israel; Arab-Jewish war.
1948
Israel
Eastern Palestine-Transjordan-.occupies the West Bank area of Western Palestine, becomes "Jordan," constituting over eighty percent of Palestine.
* For familiarity we cite the closest modern country which contained the seat of power at the time.
** Canaan, Judea and "Palestine" refers to both the East and West banks of the Jordan river, what is Israel and Jordan today..
Source: Joan Peter's "From Time Immemorial" Harper & Row Publishers (with over 150 pages of well sourced footnotes) and "History of the Jewish People - The Second Temple Era" by Mesorah